Hey, a book recommendation thread! I love these things!
Alastair Reynolds' Revelation Space series, as mentioned, is really good. Epic space opera, ultra-realistic, lots of mind-expanding new ideas. However, bear in mind that his universe is a very dark and scary place. Enjoy in moderation, take frequent breaks, do not operate heavy machinery while reading, etc. Also check out his short story collection Zima Blue if you'd like something (relatively) lighter.
Isaac Asimov is, of course, awesome no matter what you read. I especially recommend the Foundation series which chronicles the fall and rise of galactic civilization over thousands of years. Nightfall is also interesting; it explores the ramifications of evolving on a planet with no day/night cycle.
Peter Hamiltion's Pandora's Star and Judas Unchained were also very good. Pandora starts off incredibly slow with most of the book being spectacle fiction, but that's because it's not a standalone story. Judas is the other half, and the action completely justifies the 300+ pages of build-up. (Plus, Pandora ends with a total wtfpwnt moment for everyone. So worth it.)
Now that those are out of the way...
I'm surprised no one's mentioned Vernor Vinge, as A Fire Upon The Deep would be of particular interest here. It's about a small crew of humans and plantlike aliens racing to find the key to destroying a malevolent godlike entity, while half the species of known space incite interstellar wars and the other half provide color commentary over the galactic equivalent of usenet. A Deepness in the Sky is also really good. It's a loosely related story in the same universe, but deals with a nomadic merchant fleet that travels at sublight speeds.
For something different, he also wrote Rainbows End. It's a near-future story about a man who is suddenly cured of severe Alzheimer's after having it for 20 years. He was just beginning to understand this "intarweb" thing when he got sick, and now he's in a world where everyone has wearable computers with gesture-based interfaces, the kids are enrolled in affiliate programs, and all media is based on augmented reality. The culture shock is bad enough, but then he gets tied up in an international conspiracy involving bioterrorists, his family, and a talking rabbit.
But the one book you definitely must read is Singularity Sky by Charles Stross. It's just one big futuristic WTF moment from start to finish. Imagine a colony of 19th-century Russians suddenly gaining access to Star Trek-style replicators. Now imagine that the bizarre ramifications of this cause their leaders to try stopping it with time travel, in direct violation of a law put in place by a sentient AI, and the minimum sentence is Death By Supernova. Still, it's better than what the mimes are planning...