I think the abilities of techs like Universal Translators in hard coded, so you cannot create a tech from scratch that has these abilities. However, you can use the tech by a different name in the tech tree, as the internal name (used by the code) is separate from the display name.
The abilities of starports are also probably hard coded. Unlike techs, you cannot make one by a different name, and any cosmetic changes will be shared by all races.
For your final question, Ship Quality is a bonus to the weapons and defenses of ships built on the planet, Percieved Might increases makes ships in orbit around the planet appear more powerful to the AI (used by the spin control center), PlanetaryDefenseBonus inceases the weapons and defenses of ships in orbit, and Resistance increases the time it takes for a planet to flip culturally (note that negative Resistance is broken, and positive Resistance only makes a difference as high values).
Edit: I forgot to say thanks for your feedback... so Thanks 
Alright, so I have a few more questions then based on this feedback.
So, if the only way to put an ability (like Alliances) into my tech tree, would be to open another tech tree with the desired tech, and then delete every tech except these special ability techs? What happens if I make a tech tree without the universal translator tech... Will I be able to communicate with other races from the start, or will I permanetly be unable to communicate with other aliens?
Another other thing that I don't know, about planetary improvements, is... what does the Flag "Updates ship types" and "updates minimap" do?
And lastly... for technology you can add civ ability bonuses to the entire civ, but there are a few of them that i don't know what they do, is there a list somewhere or could you name off a few of the special cases? For instance, what does the "Cabinet" ability do? or perhaps what does crime do?
Can there be extra levels of an Extremem colinization Tech? If so, how does that work in-game?
Can a single Technology be made to have multiple technology requirements? What about planetary improvements and ship componets?
There are also probably a ton of other things that I don't know, that I'm having difficulty finding answers to anywhere else... If it would be easier for someone to give me a link to a answer a specific question go ahead and do that, if it's reliable information. I'd really like to know more about ship components, like what does size the Size Mod Effect on ship components?
Like I said above, there's countless things that I don't know that aren't found in tutorials (or I just missed them when i gave them a read)
Edit: O... and I'd really like to know more about logistics and the logistics ability. Like... is there a way for me to edit the tiny, small, medium, etc... to have different logistical values than they already have? And what about changing a race's starting logistics?