I have seen an AI recover. The Drenjin got beat back to one system, witht he rest of the galaxy occupied. Then I got jumped by all the other races (which I had been supporting in thier wars against he Drenj. ). That ticked me off, since I had basicaly been spoon feeding them all. Well, under thier combined might, they (about six or seven races) beat me back to three planets, so I decided to take everyone down with me. I gave all my tech to the Drenjin, and what little money I had I gave tot hem, or purchased some minor conflicts between those attacking me. Suddenly, with everyone focusing on finishing me off, the Drenj. came unglued on everyone, and with ships sporting my superior tech, they anniliated the galaxy. One by one, EVERY civ. who betrayed me surrendered to me in hopes I could save them, but by the time that happened I was economically broken, and the galaxy soon fell.
It was the most I've ever enjoyed losing. I was laughing like a maniac the whole time, revenge is awesome.
More on topic, when I have someone beat, I'll only stop if I run low on troops, then I'll declare peace for a few months while I restock, then finish them off before they surrender to someone I like.