I've started two games, defaults, large maps, buy scouts to search out, finding basically nothing to colonize. The maps seem small in this game compared to botf, and nothing to colonize.
1. The default ships are not that great. Try designing your own custom ships. I suggest you use a cargo hull as a base, and then install some engines, life support, and sensors.
2. I recommend that you send your ships to other stars so you can get a look at them. Alternatively, you could try to use your scout ships to scout as much as the map a possible, making sure that every par-sec has been seen by sensors. It might be time consuming, but a thorough search might find you some resources.
I'm at a loss at what to do. As a micro-manager, I resist clicking on 'TURN' until I check everything. I read the above mentioned 'starter guide' and it makes sense, but I'm not finding anything.
I'm not sure I can help you there. There have been many improvements in this game to inform the player when an event happens (Icons to the right of the screen for instance). You're going to have to figure out what would be a reasonable amount of stuff you need to get done.
For the record, I've beaten large maps in less than 5 hours on tough, and reguarly beat tinies in less than 2, so you might be trying to do too much.
Sorry for the noob post, how many turns does it take to discover another system/planet to colonize? After 30 turns/weeks, haven't found anything.
All maps are randomly generated in such a way to give all civs different advantages, yet remain equal. So if you can't find any nearby planets to colonize, you might better be looking for nearby galactic resources. Alternatively, you want to consider your position from a defensive point of view, since if you can't find nearby planets, other civs might need to make some effort to attack and invade you latter.