and I am barely breaking 125 research on a world with the same population.
Population has nothing to do with research. Well not directly. Population pays taxes, when then can be turned into research points by labs.
When I reach advanced I take a look at Alteria and see that their research is over 700!
Altarians have by default 25% research bonus,
I quickly played with some numbers, and here are the results. The Altarians can start the game (not including party benefits) with:
-Research 45%
-Economics 60%
-Morale 35%
So not only does the Altarians have an enormous research capacity potential, but they also have the economic capacity to support it. Add in party benefits, and you could end up with Economics of 80% (with federalists), or research 65% (with tech party). Add in the in game bonuses (+10% research from planetary improvements, +15% from two economic techs, and +30% morale with the first tech being +15%, not including trade goods), the Altarians can end up with stats of Economics 75% (or 95%), Research 55% (or 75%), and Morale 65%. The research bonuses allow for a massive increase in research efficiency, and the economic factor allows them to support so many research centers.
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*Steps back to be amazed by the numbers*
Note to self: next game, get economic and research treaty with Altarians.